基于旅游开发影响的五台山植被景观特征分析     

牛莉芹  程占红 《地理研究》2019,38(5):1162-1174

以往旅游对植被影响的评价成果较多,但是旅游影响下植被景观与地理因子之间的关系报道较少。本文利用多种数量生态学方法探讨了五台山旅游开发与植被景观之间的生态关系。结果表明：① 旅游开发影响下五台山植被景观可分为单优乔木区、草本区、差级乔草区、中级乔草区、中级灌草区、良级灌草区、良级乔灌草区、优级乔灌草区、以及寺庙区、商业区或居民区9种类型。② 在除趋势对应分析中,第一轴与所有因子的相关性都较大,第二轴与旅游干扰度和海拔呈显著的负相关性。各植被景观类型的空间分布在一定程度上取决于关键性指标的空间格局。③ 除趋势典范对应分析方法能够大大提高植被景观特征与地理因子间的相关性,并将其直观地表达于排序图中。在植被景观特征与地理因子的关系上,第一轴上的相关系数是0.858_DCCA>0.828_DCA,第二轴上的相关系数是0.583_DCCA>0.501_DCA,这说明除趋势典范对应分析方法更优。  相似文献   

Long‐term temporal and spatial patterns in bioeroding sponge distribution at the Abrolhos Bank,Brazil, Southwestern Atlantic     

Fernando Coreixas de Moraes  Fernanda Cervi  Cludia S. Karez  Leonardo T. Salgado  Rodrigo L. Moura  Gabriella A. Leal  Alex C. Bastos  Gilberto M. Amado‐Filho 《Marine Ecology》2019,40(3)

Bioeroding sponges belong to the most dominant bioeroders, significantly contributing to the erosion of coral reefs. Some species are tolerant or even benefit from environmental conditions such as ocean warming, acidification, and eutrophication. In consequence, increases in sponge bioerosion have been observed on some coral reefs over the last decades. The Abrolhos Bank is the largest coral reef system in the South Atlantic. It has been affected by sedimentation, eutrophication, overfishing, and climate change, mainly affecting coastal reefs, and at lesser intensity outer ones as well. This study aimed to describe spatial and temporal patterns in bioeroding sponge distribution in carbonate substrates in the Abrolhos Bank. Photo‐quadrats were used to compare bioeroding sponge abundance between two shallow reefs: a coastal, Pedra de Leste (PL), and an outer reef, Parcel dos Abrolhos (PAB). Each individual was delimitated over the substrate by determining the sponge surface through a line connecting the outermost papillae. The study was conducted over 6 years in 2008–2009 and 2013–2016. Four species of bioeroding sponges were identified: Cliona carteri Ridley, 1881, C. delitrix Pang, 1973, C. cf. schmidtii Ridley, 1881, and Siphonodictyon coralliphagum Rützler, 1971. The distribution and abundance of species varied between the inner and outer reefs and across the years, and displayed certain selectivity for the calcareous substrates recorded. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) were the main substrate excavated by the most abundant bioeroding species, C. carteri, and represented 70% of the substrate types occupied by this sponge (CCA, coral overgrown by CCA and plain coral). The highest abundance of bioeroding sponges observed in photo‐quadrats was 21.3 individuals/m² at the outer reefs (PAB) in 2014. The abundances or areal extents of bioeroding sponges were up to 10 times greater on the outer reefs than on the coastal ones, where sedimentation is higher and more strongly influenced by siliciclastic material. Moreover, a higher herbivorous fish biomass has been reported on outer reefs which could also influence the higher abundance of bioeroding sponges in outer reefs. During the study period of 6 years, an increase in bioeroding sponge abundance was observed at the outer reefs (PAB), with the sea surface temperature increase. As CCA have an important role in reefal cementation and carbonate production in the Abrolhos reefs, a bioerosion impact might be expected, in particular, on the outer reefs.  相似文献   

西南岩溶山区地下水资源承载能力评价——以贵州省七星关区为例     

唐佐其  李瑞敏  谯文浪  殷志强  刘琼  陈武  赵德刚 《地质通报》2020,(1):124-130

以国家扶贫攻坚重点地区——贵州乌蒙山七星关区为例,参考"全国地质资源环境承载能力评价与监测预警"形成的评价理论和方法,结合岩溶石山区地下水资源水文地质条件及开发利用实际,探索构建岩溶石山区县域范围内地下水资源承载能力评价方法。通过系统评价七星关区地下水资源承载能力,认为该区地下水资源承载能力较大,但资源、开采强度、劣质水分布不均,降低了部分区域地下水资源承载能力。评价结果为区域国土空间规划及"三区三线"划定提供了依据。同时,该评价方法亦为岩溶地区地下水资源承载能力评价提供了借鉴。  相似文献   

东昆仑夏日哈木地区二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义     

郭峰  王盘喜  卞孝东  冯乃琦 《中国地质调查》2020,7(6):51-60

东昆仑夏日哈木地区首次发现了早泥盆世二长花岗岩,对其开展年代学和地球化学特征研究,进一步探讨其岩石成因和构造地质背景。二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(412.1±5.7) Ma(MSWD=0.95),形成于早泥盆世早期; 岩石为过弱铝质亚碱性花岗岩,富SiO₂(含量为71.41%~72.46%)、K₂O(含量为5.27%~6.16%),贫Fe₂O₃(含量为1.86%~2.05%)、P₂O₅(含量为0.08%~0.12%),富集轻稀土元素,具明显的负Eu异常; 在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图上可以看出,岩石明显富集Rb、Th、Zr、Hf,强烈亏损Nb、Sr、P、Ti、Ba。夏日哈木地区二长花岗岩属于I型花岗岩,其源岩可能由幔源岩浆底侵加热下地壳岩石致其部分熔融而形成,处于由同碰撞向后碰撞转换的构造环境,说明东昆仑夏日哈木地区在早泥盆世早期已进入伸展阶段。  相似文献   

黄河三角洲孤东近岸冲淤演变及其影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

程慧  陈沈良  徐丛亮  姬泓宇  凡姚申 《海洋科学》2019,43(11):11-18

为更好地了解近40年来孤东近岸的演变过程,以研究区剖面水深地形、Landsat影像和利津站水沙数据为数据源,采用遥感技术及数理统计法对研究区域岸线及面积变化进行监测计算,并分析1976—1986年、1986—1996年、1996—2002年、2002—2014年4个不同阶段的冲淤演变及影响因素。结果表明:(1)孤东近岸经历"强淤积-冲淤平衡-侵蚀-强侵蚀"4个阶段。孤东近岸海域由淤积向侵蚀转变始于1996年,且在2002—2014年间侵蚀最为严重,大部分近岸海域蚀深达到6～8 m,侵蚀最大深度超过8 m;(2)等深线变化时空差异明显,蚀退最先出现在北侧,且近岸5 m水深区域内冲淤变化较水深10 m内敏感;(3)研究区近岸侵蚀,离岸淤积,剖面冲淤平衡位置由CS19剖面的11 m水深变化到CS21剖面的5m水深;(4)黄河入海水沙的减少、河口人工改汊、孤东大堤建设和海洋动力作用都对孤东近岸的冲淤演变产生影响,维持研究区冲淤平衡的年均来沙阈值为3.78亿t/a。通过此来进一步探究孤东近岸演变进程,为孤东近岸防护提供科学指导。  相似文献   

Rapid decrease of soil erosion rates with soil formation and vegetation development in periglacial areas     

Alessandra Musso  Michael E. Ketterer  Konrad Greinwald  Clemens Geitner  Markus Egli 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(12):2824-2839

High mountainous areas are geomorphologically active environments which are strongly shaped by redistribution of sediments and soils. With the projected climate warming in the twenty-first century and the continued retreat of glaciers, the area of newly exposed, highly erodible sediments and soils will increase. This presents a need to better understand and quantify erosion processes in young mountainous soils, as an increase in erodibility could threaten human infrastructure (i.e. hydroelectric power, tourist installations and settlements). While soil development is increasingly well understood and quantified, a coupling to soil erosion rates is still missing. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess how soil erosion rates change with surface age. We investigated two moraine chronosequences in the Swiss Alps: one in the siliceous periglacial area of Steingletscher (Sustenpass), with soils ranging from 30 a to 10 ka, and the other in the calcareous periglacial area of Griessgletscher (Klausenpass) with surfaces ranging from age of 110 a to 13.5 ka. We quantified the erosion rates using the ^239+240Pu fallout radionuclides and compared them to physical and chemical soil properties and the vegetation coverage. We found no significant differences between the two parent materials. At both chronosequences, the erosion rates were highest in the young soils (on average 5−10 t ha^-1 a^-1 soil loss). Erosion rates decreased markedly after 3−5 ka of soil development (on average 1−2.5 t ha^-1 a^-1 soil loss) to reach a more or less stable situation after 10−14 ka (on average 0.3–2 t ha^-1 a^-1). Climate change not only causes glacier retreat, but also increased sediment dynamics. Depending on the relief and vegetational development, it takes up to at least 10 ka to reach soil stability. The establishment of a closed vegetation cover with dense root networks seems to be the controlling factor in the reduction of soil erodibility. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Stormflow threshold behaviour in a subtropical mountainous headwater catchment during forest recovery period     

Lezhang Wei  Zhijun Qiu  Guangyi Zhou  Tsuyoshi Kinouchi  Yu Liu 《水文研究》2020,34(8):1728-1740

Forest ecohydrological feedbacks complicate the threshold behaviour of stormflow response to precipitation or wetting conditions on a long-term scale (e.g. several years). In this study, the threshold behaviours in an evergreen-deciduous mixed forested headwater catchment in southern China were examined during 2009–2015, when damaged vegetation was recovering after the great 2008 Chinese ice and snowstorm. The non-uniqueness of the thresholds and the slow and rapid responses of stormflow at the outlet of the catchment in different hydro-climate datasets with different maximum values of gross precipitation (P) and sums of precipitation and antecedent soil moisture index (P + ASI) were assessed. The thresholds of P and P + ASI required to trigger stormflows (i.e. ‘generation thresholds’) and the transition from slow to rapid responses of stormflow (i.e. ‘rise thresholds’) were compared both seasonally and annually. The results indicated significant differences in the analysed datasets, highlighting the need to compare thresholds with care to avoid misinterpretation. Seasonal variations in threshold behaviours in the catchment suggested that vegetation canopy interception contributed to higher rise thresholds, and wetter conditions resulted in higher runoff sensitivity to precipitation during the growing and rainy seasons. Furthermore, the generation thresholds were higher in the dormant season, possibly due to drier soil moisture conditions in the near-channel areas. During the vegetation recovery period, the annual generation thresholds increased, however the rise thresholds did not exhibit a similar trend. The rapid stormflow response above the threshold decreased, possibly due to transpiration and interception of the recovered vegetation. However, the slow stormflow response to small rainfall events below the thresholds was higher in wetter years but lower in drier years, suggesting that the total water input dominated the stormflow response during small rainfall events. In conclusion, the seasonal and annual variations in threshold behaviours highlight that vegetation recovery and hydro-climatic conditions had a notable impact on the stormflow response.  相似文献   

微生物勘探技术在潮汕坳陷油气勘探中的应用初探     

赵忠泉  孙鸣  万晓明  陈胜红  赵静  宋立军  李辉  强昆生  梁永兴 《中国地质》2020,47(3):645-654

东沙海域潮汕坳陷中生界研究程度相对较低,油气分布规律不明,为了加强对该区油气分布和富集规律的研究,针对潮汕坳陷西部地质目标首次应用微生物地球化学勘探技术(MGCE),探讨其含油气性。MGCE技术以轻烃微渗漏理论为基础,采用地质微生物学方法和地球化学方法检测研究区海底表层的微生物异常和吸附烃异常,预测研究区下伏地层中油气的富集区及其油气性质。检测结果显示研究区西部凹陷的斜坡区微生物异常呈块状发育,轻烃微渗漏强度变化大,可能为潜在油气富集区,酸解吸附烃成果显示可能的油气性质为干气和凝析油气。  相似文献   

北大巴山早古生代辉绿岩地球化学特征及其地质意义     

张方毅  赖绍聪  秦江锋  朱韧之  杨航  朱毓 《岩石矿物学杂志》2020,39(1):35-46

对南秦岭北大巴山地区广泛分布的一套基性岩墙群中的辉绿岩进行采样,并进行了锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学分析。结果显示,岩石形成年龄为435~433 Ma,为早志留世晚期岩浆活动产物。这些辉绿岩具低硅、高碱、高钛的碱性岩特征。岩石微量及稀土元素具板内玄武岩特征,轻稀土元素相对富集,轻重稀土元素分异明显,富集不相容元素Ba、Nb、Ta,而K、Y、Yb相对亏损;K及Rb的负异常表明岩石源区残留角闪石或金云母,部分熔融模拟结果显示岩石起源于尖晶石角闪石岩高程度部分熔融。综合地球化学特征及前人研究结果,认为北大巴山地区在早古生代处于大规模伸展裂陷背景下,岩石圈的拉张诱发了低熔点的交代岩石圈地幔熔融,进而形成了这条碱性岩浆带。  相似文献   

山东莱芜盆地碳酸盐岩热液溶蚀特征及水文地质意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘元晴  周乐  李伟  王新峰  马雪梅  吕琳  邓启军  陈晨 《现代地质》2020,34(1):199-206

鲁中山区莱芜盆地在燕山期发生大规模岩浆侵入活动,岩浆岩体外围碳酸盐岩区分布有水源地、富水块段等岩溶发育富水区,且靠近岩体含水层多发生大理岩化。富含CO₂、H₂S等酸性成分的岩浆热液流体,能对碳酸盐岩产生明显的溶蚀作用。基于岩石样品化学组分分析、水文地质调查及数据统计分析、热液溶蚀地质点详细观测,构建热液溶蚀模式,对莱芜盆地及外围热液溶蚀特征及机理进行研究。结果表明:高温高压岩浆侵入使得接触带碳酸盐岩发生热液变质大理岩化;沿渗透性断裂、裂缝以及不整合面等运移的热液流体,对碳酸盐岩地层产生酸性热液溶蚀和混合溶蚀作用,形成不同规模溶蚀孔洞,构成地下水富集空间,为寻找城镇地下水后备水源地提供新方向。  相似文献